Lorentz Drude Theory
[1] Lorentz Drude Theory :
- The Drude Model Is A Purely Classical Model And Treats Both
Electrons And Ions As Solid Spheres.
- On The Basis Of Drude Considerations That The Electron Gas
Behaves As Perfect Gas, Lorentz Postulated In 1909 That The
Electrons Constituting The Electron Gas Obey Maxwell
Boltzmann Statistics Under The Equilibrium Conditions.
- These Shared Ideas Of Drude And Lorentz Establish The Drude
Lorentz Theory. The Basic Assumptions Of Lorentz Drude Theory
Are
(1) In Metals, There Is Large Number Of Free Electrons. These
Electrons Are Free To Moveabout The Volume Of The Metal As
The Molecules Of A
Perfect Gas In A Container
(2) Free Electron Motion In A Metal Is Similar To The Thermal
Agitation Of A Perfect Gas. The Assembly Of Free Electrons In
A Metal Is Called The Electron Gas. The Electrical
And Thermal Conductivity Of Metals Is Due To These Free
Electrons.
(3) In Metals, The Free Electrons Move Randomly In All Possible
Directions With Differentvelocity Like The Molecules Of A
Perfect Gas. The Average Kinetic Energy Of An Electron
Is 3kt/2, Where K Is Boltzmann’s Constant And T Absolute
Temperature
(4) In The Lattice, The Free Electrons Make Collisions From Time
To Time With Fixed Positive Ions.
(5) In The Absence Of External Electrical Field, The Random
Motion Of Free Electrons Is Equally Probable Along All
Directions. In Presence Of External Electric Field, The
Electrons Drift Slowly With Some Average Velocity, Known As
Average Drift Velocity, In The Direction Opposite To That Of
Electric Field.
(6) The Free Electrons Are Accelerated And Gain Some
Additional Kinetic Energy In The Presence Of External Electric
Field. The Accelerated Free Electron On Collision With
Positive Ion Fixed In The Lattice Loses Its Additional Kinetic
Energy. Such A Collision Is Called
Inelastic Collision.
(7) Between Two Successive Collisions With The Positive Ions,
The Average Distance Traversed By The Free Electron Is
Known As Mean Free
Path Denoted By λ.
[2] Lorentz Drude Theory Application :
- Electrical Conductivity: The Lorentz-Drude Theory Is Frequently
Used To Describe Electrical Conductivity In Materials.
- Optical Properties: The Theory Is Also Applied To Explain The
Optical Properties Of Materials.
- Dielectric Properties: The Lorentz-Drude Theory Is Used To
Study The Dielectric Response Of Materials To An Oscillating
Electric Field.
- Semiconductor Physics: The Theory Is Applied To Explain The
Behavior Of Charge Carriers (Electrons And Holes) In
Semiconductors.
- Material Characterization: Scientists And Engineers Use The
Lorentz-Drude Theory As A Tool For Characterizing The
Electrical And
Optical Properties Of Materials.
- Metamaterials: It Helps In Predicting And Understanding The
Exotic Electromagnetic Properties Of Metamaterials, Such As
Negative Refractive Index.
- Plasmonics: Plasmonics Is The Study Of Collective Electron
Oscillations (Plasmons) In Metallic Nanostructures.
- Material Selection: When Choosing Materials For Specific
Applications, Engineers And Researchers May Use The Lorentz-
Drude Theory To Assess And Compare The Electrical And Optical
Properties Of Different Materials
To Meet Specific Requirements.
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