Werner Heisenberg
- Born
Werner Karl
Heisenberg
5 December 1901
Würzburg, Kingdom Of
Bavaria, German Empire
- Died
1 February 1976
(Aged 74)
Munich, Bavaria, West
Germany
- Education
University Of Munich
University Of Göttingen
- Work
- Uncertainty Principle
- Matrix Mechanics
- Quantum Mechanics
- Heisenberg Picture
- Ferromagnetism
- Quantum Field Theory
- Quantum Electrodynamics
- Particle Physics
- Nuclear Physics
[1] Uncertainty Principle :
- One Of The
Fundamental Principles Of Quantum Mechanics.
- It States That There Is An Inherent Limit To The Precision
With Which Certain Pairs Of Physical Properties Of A Particle
Can Be Known Simultaneously.
- Specifically, The Principle Applies To The Complementary
Properties Of Position And Momentum (Or Equivalently,
Velocity) Of A Particle.
- Mathematically, The Uncertainty Principle Is Expressed As
Follows:
Δx Δp ≥ ħ / 2
Where:
- Δx Represents The Uncertainty In The Measurement Of The
Particle's Position.
- Δp Represents The Uncertainty In The Measurement Of The
Particle's Momentum.
- ħ (Pronounced "H-Bar") Is The Reduced Planck Constant,
Approximately Equal To
1.054571 X 10^-34 Joule-Seconds.
- The Uncertainty Principle Has Profound Implications For The
Behavior Of Particles At The
Quantum Level.
[2] Matrix Mechanics :
- Matrix Mechanics Was Primarily Formulated By Werner
Heisenberg, Max Born, And Pascual Jordan In
1925-1926.
- These Formulations Laid The Foundation For Modern Quantum
Mechanics And Provided Complementary Descriptions Of The
Behavior Of Particles At The Atomic And Subatomic Scale.
- Matrix Mechanics Used Matrices To Represent Physical
Quantities And Operators, Such As Position, Momentum, And
Energy.
- In Matrix Mechanics, Physical Quantities Were Represented By
Non-Commuting Matrices.
- Matrix Mechanics Played A Crucial Role In The Development Of
Quantum Mechanics And Contributed To The Understanding Of
Quantum Phenomena At The Microscopic Level,
Leading To Groundbreaking Insights Into The Behavior Of
Atoms And Subatomic Particles.
[3] Heisenberg Picture :
- The Heisenberg Picture Is One Of The Two Commonly Used
Formulations In Quantum Mechanics, The Other Being The
Schrödinger Picture.
- The Heisenberg Picture Was Introduced By Werner Heisenberg
In 1925 As An Alternative Mathematical Representation Of
Quantum Mechanics, Which Is Particularly Useful When
Dealing With Time-Dependent Observables.
- In The Heisenberg Picture, The States Of Quantum Systems
Remain Constant, And It Is The Operators Representing
Physical Observables That Evolve In Time.
- The Heisenberg Picture Is Particularly Useful When Dealing
With Time-Dependent Perturbations And External Forces In A
Quantum System.
- Heisenberg Picture In Quantum Mechanics Provides An
Alternative Way To Describe The Dynamics Of Physical
Observables Over Time While Keeping The States Of Quantum
Systems Constant.
[4] Quantum Field Theory :
- Heisenberg Contributed To The Development Of Quantum Field
Theory, A Framework That Combines Quantum Mechanics And
Special Relativity.
- In Classical Mechanics, The State Of A Physical System Is
Described By The Positions And
Momenta Of Particles.
- However, At The Quantum Level, Particles Are Described Not
As Point-Like Objects But As Excitations Of Underlying
Quantum Fields That Permeate All Of Space And Time.
- These Fields Are Fundamental Entities, And Each Type Of
Particle (E.G., Electrons, Photons, Quarks) Is Associated With
Its Corresponding Quantum Field.
- Quantum Field Theory Provides A Powerful And Consistent
Framework For Understanding The Behavior Of Particles And
Their Interactions, Especially In The Realm Of
Particle Physics.
[5] Quantum Electrodynamics :
- Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Is A Quantum Field Theory
That Describes The Electromagnetic Interaction Between
Charged Particles, Such As Electrons And
Photons.
- QED Is Based On The Principles Of Quantum Field Theory,
Where Particles Are Described As Excitations Of Quantum
Fields, And Interactions Between Particles Are Mediated By
Exchange Of Virtual Particles
- In The Case Of QED, The Fundamental Fields Are The Electron
Field And The Electromagnetic Field, Represented By Their
Respective Quantum Fields.
- It Accurately Describes A Wide Range Of Phenomena
Involving Electromagnetic Interactions, Including Atomic And
Molecular Physics, Quantum Optics, And High-Energy Particle
Interactions.
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